The Declaration of Independence, Rare Broadside Printed and Posted in July, 1776 (SOLD) |
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Broadsides such as this fanned the flames of independence. Passed from hand to hand, read aloud at town gatherings, or posted in public places, broadsides (single pages printed only on one side) were meant to quickly convey news. Including the present copy, there are fewer than a dozen examples of this Exeter, N.H. printing known. Pin holes in three corners and the torn upper-left corner suggest this example was posted publicly.
In a way, this Declaration broadside is even more “original” than the signed manuscript pictured by most Americans. This is not yet “The Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States,” but rather “A Declaration, by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled.” On July 4, New York’s delegation abstained from voting for independence. After replacing their delegates, New York joined the other 12 colonies.
Moreover, as here on the broadside, the July 4 Declaration was signed by only two men: Continental Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson (here with the common variant “Thompson”). After New York on board, Congress resolved on July 19 to have the Declaration engrossed with a new title: “The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America.” Most of the 56 signers affixed their names on the engrossed document on August 2, 1776, with some added even later.
Thus, broadsides such as this one preserve the text of the Declaration of Independence as it actually was issued in July of 1776.
[DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE].
Broadside. [attributed to Robert Luist Fowle, Exeter, New Hampshire], [ca. July 15-19, 1776], two-column format, sheet size approx. 151/8 x 195/8 in. Pin holes in three corners, with the upper-left corner torn in approximately the same position, indicates that this was posted publicly to spread the momentous news.
Inventory #21991
SOLD — please inquire about other items
Two versions of this broadside have been identified: In the first, John Hancock’s name is misspelled as “Hacock”; in the second (of which this Property is an example), the error is corrected and the last three lines of type reset. Neither bears an imprint, but the provenance of several examples suggests the publisher was located in southern New Hampshire or northern Massachusetts. That, in turn, likely indicates a publication date close to (and perhaps before) the first known newspaper printing in the area, in Exeter on July 16. Including the present copy, there are 10 or 11 known copies of this Declaration broadside.
The First News of Independence
With a very brief resolution on July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress in Philadelphia boldly proclaimed the United States to be “Free and Independent” from Great Britain. The delegates then began debating the formal Declaration text, which passed on July 4. Pledging their lives, fortunes, and sacred honor to uphold the principles put forth, the approved Declaration was then signed by only two men, Continental Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson (often misspelled “Thompson,” as in the present example) and taken to the office of printer John Dunlap. The Congressional committee responsible for writing the Declaration was ordered to supervise its publication.
On the morning of July 5, Dunlap delivered the freshly-printed copies to Congress. Over the next few days, John Hancock sent the official broadside to the thirteen former colonies and to General George Washington and other military commanders. Meanwhile, on July 6, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first newspaper to print the text.The Signers sent Declaration copies to their families, friends, and associates, as did private individuals and members of the press.
During the next few weeks, the Declaration was re-published throughout the country in locally-printed broadsides and newspapers, both official and unofficial. Public readings were followed by huzzahs, thirteen-gun salutes, parades, toasts, and often times, boisterous mobs that committed monarchial symbols to the bonfire.[1]
The first copies of the Declaration reached Boston on July 13. Four days later, James Warren wrote to John Adams that “The Declaration came on Saturday, and diffused a general Joy.”[2] On July 16, the document arrived at the Massachusetts Revolutionary government, which was then meeting in Watertown. The Declaration helped conclude treaty negotiations with a group of Native Americans. James Bowdoin, the president of the Massachusetts Council, produced “the printed Declaration” and proceeded to read the closing lines of the text, assuring the tribes that “these united Colonies are and of right ought to be Free and Independent States . . . free . . . to Contract Alliances.”[3] Signed the next day, the treaty is the said to be the first one entered into by the United States of America.
Attribution of the Printer
In 1947, Frederick Goff, chief of the Rare Books Division at the Library of Congress, compared the text of this broadside edition with the text of the Declaration as printed by the only three known newspapers in the region:
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The July 16, 1776 “Extraordinary” broadside edition of Robert Luist Fowle’s New Hampshire Gazette, or, Exeter Morning Chronicle (Exeter, N.H.).
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The July 19 issue of John Mycall’s Essex Journal and New-Hampshire Packet (Newburyport, Mass.), page 4.
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The July 20 issue of Benjamin Dearborn’s Freeman’s Journal, or, New-Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth, N.H.), page 1.[4]
Goff concluded that the text of this broadside is most similar to that of the New Hampshire Gazette “Extraordinary” and thus attributed the present broadside to Fowle. We have recently taken our own look at images of the three papers, and find that there are also similarities of typesetting between the broadside and the “Extraordinary” newspaper. Though we don’t have definitive proof that Fowle was the publisher, we agree that he is the most likely candidate, and therefore accept Goff’s attribution.
For additional information on attribution and a census of known copies, please contact us.
[1] After Washington’s copy of the Dunlap was read before the American Army in New York on July 9, a mob pulled down the lead statue of George III in Bowling Green. The king and his horse were transported to Connecticut and cast into 42,088 musket balls for the American cause.
[2] The Warren-Adams Letters, vol. 1, 1743-1777
[3]Baxter, Documentary History of the State of Maine
[4] Frederick R. Goff, “A Contemporary Broadside Printing of The Declaration of Independence, The Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions, Library of Congress, Vol. 5, No. 1, November 1947.